Asian Influences on the Filipino Culture

Asian Influences on the Filipino Culture Hindu Pre-contact period Before the Spanish period, the archipelagoes of Southeast Asia were under the influence of traders from the  Hindu-Malayan  culture, such as theMajapahit Empire, which was then supplanted by Islamic  Ã°Å¸Ëœâ‚¬ teaching by Muslims traders from Gujarat, India. Influences from the Indian subcontinent may be traced earlier to before the arrival of the Arabs and the Europeans during the 15th and 16th centuries respectively. The rulers of many of the islands were called Rajas, or Rajahs.An example would be the  Visayas, said to be named after the last Southeast Hindu Prince Srivijaya. Spanish era Further adherence to Hinduism was superseded by the advent of  Islam  brought to the archipelago By  Indonesian,  Malay, and  Arab  missionaries in the 14th century, as well as the arrival of Christianity with the  Spaniards  in 1521. It is highly possible however that the Philippines was part of Hindu empire s based in  Java  and in other islands prior to the introduction of these new religions.Local  Rajahs  gave tribute to such Hindu-Buddhist empires that included  Sri Vijaya  and  Majapahit. American period Ancient statues of the Hindu gods were hidden to prevent their destruction by Christians who worshiped a single deity. One such statue, known as ‘Golden Tara', is a 4-pound gold statue of an Indo-Malayan goddess found in  Mindanao  in 1917, which now sits in the  Field Museum of Natural Historyin  Chicago, and is dated from the period 13th to early 14th centuries. Another gold artifact, this time found on  Palawan, is an image of  Garuda, the bird who is the mount of  Vishnu.Hinduism today There is some growth in the religion as of late, although most temples cater to the same communities. Actual adherents of  Hinduism  are mostly limited to communities that include indigenous and native peoples, expatriate communities, as well as new converts . There are various  Hare Krishna  groups and popular Hindu personalities and groups such as  Sai Baba, and  Paramahansa Yogananda  (SRF) that can be found. Hindu based practises like  Yoga  and  meditation  are also popular. Arab 1. Islam 2. Sultan government 3. Arabic language 4. Arabic writing system . Words like apo, sulat, alamat at salamat, came from the Arabic words ima, kitab and kali. 6. the use of calendar 7. â€Å"singkil† dance Chinese- The following Chinese influences on Filipino culture are still evident today:   * The use of porcelain wares, gongs, and other metals * The manufacture of gunpowder and setting off of fireworks during special occasions * The use of loose trousers and wearing of camisa de chino, slippers, wooden shoes * Gambling games such as jueteng and mahjong * Cooking such dishes as lumpia, mami, pancit and lechon Customs such as respect for elders and the veneration of ancestors * Traditions such as prearranged marriages and participation of a mediator in marital talks * Traits such as close family ties, frugality and hard work * The use of words with Chinese etymology. Japanese The Japanese and Filipino trade relations that began as early as 654 A. D. made its mark on the lifestyle of the Filipinos. The Japanese introduced industries such as the manufacture of weapons and tools, tanning of animal skin, and the artificial breeding of ducks and fish. To start with, there are Japanese Filipinos.Trade relations with Japan date as early as the 9th century. Japanese traders and merchants (as well as Okinawans) first settled during the 12th century AD under the  Luzon Empire  and the Majapahit Kingdom, especially in areas such as Paco and Davao and along Lingayen Gulf. Their influence is evident in the popularity of noodles (known as â€Å"Mami†), the game of â€Å"mahjong†, Japanese â€Å"Mochi† (rice cake) which is similar to Filipino ‘Palitao'. Many famous Filipinos are of m ixed Japanese/Spanish/Filipino lineage :  Lou Diamond Phillips,Ferdinand Marcos, Paciano Rizal, Romnick Sarmienta, Gillian Akiko Thomson.And about 300,000 Filipinos live in Japan (2004 numbers), that means a significant cultural and financial influx. Including children of Filipino women living in Japan returning to learn English. Sources: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_Philippines http://wiki. answers. com/Q/What_are_the_influences_of_Arabs_in_the_Philippines#ixzz27xBP6ZEU http://wiki. answers. com/Q/What_are_the_Chinese_influences_in_the_Philippines#ixzz27x94L8pb http://wiki. answers. com/Q/What_are_some_Japanese_influences_on_the_Filipino_culture#ixzz27xGJ9mIi http://answers. yahoo. com/question/index? qid=20080805045217AAqIJGA

Basic Kitchen Organization

Basic Kitchen Organization Food Processing Kitchen (Commissary Kitchen) -In large operations, it is a kitchen for the processing of all vegetables, salads and fruits -Purpose: to wash peel and sanitize and cut all raw products, increase hygienic and sanitary standards of a kitchen, reduce waste Cold/Pantry Kitchen (Garde Manger) -Produces all cold food items – salads, dressings, cold platters, terrines, pates, sushi/sashimi, cheese, fruits,etc. -If there is no in-house butchery, also responsible for processing and portioning all meat, fish and seafood items Butchery In charge of processing and portioning all meat, fish, and seafood -In large operations, it will also produce processed meats and seafood items such as sausages, smoked ham, cooked ham, smoked fish and seafood, etc. Main Kitchen -In charge of producing hot dishes for the various outlets, hot basic sauces for all operations -If there is no banquet kitchen, it will also produce the hot food for banquet and catering f unctions -May also provide the staff food in certain operations Banquet Kitchen -Generally, is a finishing kitchen – a satellite kitchen for garnishing, final sauces and service -Large operations may have this as a full kitchenRestaurant Kitchen -Generally, finishing kitchens, except specialty kitchens such as Western Fine Dining, Japanese, Chinese, etc. -Coffee Shop Classified here. Room Service Kitchen -Room service food is generally provided by individual restaurant kitchens -Larger operations have a separate room service kitchen -Offer a la carte items from all their restaurants Staff Canteen -Large operations generally have a small staff canteen -Partly supported by the main kitchen, cold kitchen, and butchery. Pastry and bakery provide desserts and breads.Pastry Kitchen -In charge of producing all types of cold, warm and frozen desserts (pralines, cookies, sugar work, marzipan work, etc. ) Bakery -In charge of all baking requirements such as breads, crusts and doughs. K itchen Organization Chart Kitchen Brigade Corporate Chef -Highest position for a chef in a hotel chain or chain of restaurants. -Responsible for overseeing standards in all hotels/restaurants in that chain -Creates new food concept ideas for all hotels or certain regions -Oversees new hotels and renovations Executive Chef (Chef de Cuisine) Administrative and operational responsibility for all daily kitchen operations on one hotel -Ensures that all supply requirements for all operations are in place -Develops and implements new menus, promotions and festivals -Evaluates based on recommendations, promotes or dismisses staff -Directly interacts with banquet and sales and marketing to produce special menus for functions or groups staying in the hotel -Updates the food and beverage director -Responsible for the monthly food cost of his/her department Executive Sous Chef (Working Chef) -Immediate assistant of the EC -Directly supervises all operational activities In charge of certain admi nistrative work such as duty rosters, evaluation of his/her immediate subordinates, coordination for function set ups, or special promotional setups. Sous Chef -Commonly in charge of an outlet kitchen or section -Run directly the day-to-day of outlet operations -Directly coordinate with the Executive Sous-Chef -Responsible for supplies, proper staffing, and food quality -Appraise and interview new staff and recommend promotions and dismissal of staff. Section Chef – Chef de Partie -Sauce Cook – Saucier oPrepares all meat, game, poultry, fish and warm appetizers w/ hot/warm sauces -Broiler Cook – Rotisseur All grilled dishes, roasts, and dishes that are oven roasted or deep-fat fried -A la Carte Cook – Restaurteur oPrepares al a carte dishes -Fish Cook – Poissonier oRelieves the sauce cook from the preparation of fish and seafood dishes -Vegetable Cook – Entremetier oPreparation of soups, vegetables, potatoes, pasta, warm cheese and egg dishe s -Pantry Cook – Garde Manger oSupervises all cold food preparations: Salads, cold appetizer, dressings cold sauces, buffet platters and decorations. oIf there is no butchery, bones and portions all meat, game, poultry, and fish oResponsible for monitoring all chillers and freezers Butcher – Boucher de Cuisine oHandles meat, fish and seafood, if they are professionally trained butchers, also prepare processed meats -Swing Chef – Chef Tournant oReliever for the Chefs de Partie and generally an experienced chef -Duty Cook – Chef de Garde oFor restaurants with a split shift – stays on duty during the lean afternoon hours or late evening hours -Dietitian – Dietetcien oAdvisory position – prepares special diet menus and calculates nutritional values for guests with special needs -Demi-Chef oPosition between rank and file and supervisor Stronger cook than a commis, but not experienced enough to be a chef de partie oTakes on supervisory func tions of chef de partie in their absence -Staff Cook – Cuisinier pour le personnel oPrepares the meals for the staff if there is a staff kitchen Pastry, Confisserie and Bakery -Pastry Chef – Patissier oPrepares cold, warm and frozen sweet dishes as well as baked items if there is no bakeshop in the operation oSupervises all necessary ingredient requisitions, evaluation, hiring and dismissal of the staff oReports directly to the executive chef, coordinates with the executive-sous chef -Confisseur Prepares all specialties with chocolate and special cookies (petit-fours) oSpecialist in sugar and marzipan work -Chief Baker – Boulanger oResponsible for all bread and dough preparation required by the pastry and kitchen Cooking Methods and Techniques 14 Cooking Methods MethodWhere it’s doneTemperature BlanchingStove Deep-Fat FryerWater: 100Â °C Oil: 130Â °C-150Â °C PoachingStove/OvenStove: 65Â °C-80Â °C Oven: 165Â °C Boiling or SimmeringStoveBoiling: 100Â °C Simmering: 95Â °C – 98Â °C SteamingStove/Steamer100Â °C – 120Â °C Deep Fat FryingDeep Fat Fryer170Â °C – 180Â °CSauteing or Pan-FryingStove165Â °C – 200Â °C GrillingGrill240Â °C – 190Â °C Gratinate or Au GratinOven/Salamander240Â °C – 280Â °C BakingOven130Â °C – 260Â °C RoastingOven200Â °C – 220Â °C Finishing: 180Â °C Butter RoastingOvenStart: 140Â °C Finish: 160Â °C Braising/GlazingOven Meat Oven Vegetables Start: 200Â °C Cook: 160Â °C – 180Â °C Start: 140Â °C Finish: 160Â °C Glazing VegetablesStoveCook: 95Â °C – 98Â °C StewingStove95Â °C – 98Â °C Blanching -Cooking method used to pre-cook, cook or sanitize an ingredient for another cooking method or for preservation oAlternative method for blanching in hot water is steaming Method – can either be starting with cold or hot water or in oil -Why do we blanch: oTo clean and sanitize oTo destroy enzymes oTo prevent ingred ients from sticking oTo improve the color of ingredients oTo pre-cook ingredients for another method oTo pre-cook an ingredient for preserving Poaching -For cooking tender ingredients which are high in protein at a low temperature (65Â °C – 80Â °C) -Where do we poach: oOn the stove, in liquid oOn the stove, in a water bath oIn the oven, in a water bath oIn a low/high pressure steamer in -How do we poach: oPoach, Floating in liquid oPoach in shallow Liquid Poach in a water bath with stirring oPoach in a water bath without stirring -To prevent tender meat parts, fish, egg and recipes containing egg from being over cooked and broken apart Boiling or Simmering -Boiling or simmering starting with cold water with a lid oFor Dried Vegetables, Potatoes and legumes oFor vegetable side dishes and soups (food items which are not delicate and do not change shape) oSo food can further absorb water and tenderize faster -Boiling and simmering without a lid oFor vegetables and starch based recipes, 98Â °C – 100Â °C oVegetable side dishes, rice dishes, pasta dishes and eggs To achieve rapid boiling point so that ingredients cook faster without excessive loss of nutrients and flavors -Simmering oFor stocks and soups, 95Â °C – 98Â °C oSimmer with out a lid to monitor liquids oStocks and clear soups become cloudy when boiled -Simmering starting with hot water with a lid oFor Meat, poultry, variety meats, fowl oStews, tongue, boiled beef, oThese ingredients don’t need to be monitored as they are stewed and contain sauce oSimmer with a lid to prevent excessive evaporation Steaming -For items that you usually poach, you can also steam Reduced cooking time with heat above 100Â °C retains flavor, color and nutrients better -Food stays drier and can immediately be used for further processing -Preserves ingredient shape very well as there is no agitation -Different kinds of ingredients can be cooked at the same time without absorbing each others flavor -Disadvantage: there is no liquid to prepare the sauce from Deep-Fat Frying -Meat, fish, poultry, vegetables, potato, fruits, mushrooms, pastries -Done in plant fat (shortening) at 170Â °C – 180Â °C -Basic rules in deep fat frying: oUse only heat-resistant and non-foamy oils Ensure proper temperature at 170Â °C – 180Â °C and never heat oil above 200Â °C oIf not in use, turn fryer temperature down to 90Â °C oNever season with salt or any other seasoning above the deep fat fryer oNever fry fish and pastry items in the same oil than other products oNever cover the deep fat fryer when in use oNever cover deep fat-fried foods as they become soggy oEveryday, filter fryer oil and clean deep fat fryer to remove frying particles which have settled on the bottom of the fryer oNever use oil that foams and causes eye and lung irritation smoke at 180Â °C Sauteing (Pan Frying) in a Stainless steel pan Use a stainless steel pan to produce pan drippings oSo you can deglaze the pan drippings oAdd flavor and color to the sauce Sauteing (Pan Frying) in a Non-Stick pan -Sauteing meat, vegetables, potatoes, mushrooms, eggs, etc. -Use a non-stick pan when sauteing ingredient that do not need a sauce to be made after. -Can also be done on a flat-top griddle, but like the non-stick pan, you cannot produce any sauce after Grilling and Broiling -For portioned and generally marinated meat, fish, seafood, poultry, vegetables, potato and mushrooms. Ingredients may be wrapped in aluminum oil -Healthy cooking method – fat-free – but it is important not to burn ingredients because this can produce carcinogens Gratinating or Au Gratin -Method used for finishing, food is already generally cooked. -Food is always covered with ingredients that brown well (ex. egg & cream, cheese, batters, sauces, etc. ) -After applying the coating or crust, ingredients are browned under the salamander or in the oven under high upper heat -Eggs, soups, sauces, cheese, fish, sea food, poultry, meat, pasta, vegetables, potatoes and desserts are commonly gratinated -Browning is done for flavor and presentationBaking -Mainly used in the hot kitchen to bake meat in a dough, crust or w/ savory souffles and savory starts -Mainly used in the pastry and bakery in the production Roasting in the oven -Done with tender and large pieces of meat which are only cut after cooking -Potatoes may also be roasted -Tender meat parts are roasted as the proteins are soft and do not require liquid to tenderize hem -Important that there is enough fat, to prevent drying out Braising in the oven -Food is cooked in a small amount of liquid in the oven or in a pressure cooker -Used for meat and fowl with high connective tissue Generally ingredients are braised whole and cut before serving -Slow cooking method where food is gently cooked in the oven over a long period of time where the product is tenderized Glazing of vegetables -Commonly for root, knob and fruit vegetables, also chest nuts and water chestnuts Glazing of White Meat -For white meat and poultry with low connective tissue -When glazing white meats, the product will have a shiny brown crust and moist, tender meats due to the slow cooking processStewing meat on the stove -Used for pre-cut meat or poultry with high connective tissue -Generally stewed with a large amount of liquid -Usually national recipes of countries, with many variations -Onions usually an ingredient, it is important to properly glaze them so they release the juices which become syrupy and eventually turn brownish Stewing of fruits and vegetables -Usually vegetables from the fruit vegetable family -Generally used to make compotes, fruit puree or fruit sauce

The Holy Bible - 3417 Words

One could read the Bible in its original Hebrew and Greek texts, while simultaneously investigating every English translation available and not find the word Trinity even once in any language. Certainly the concept, when compared to any other, is revolutionary in nature. Everything about God is revolutionary. This paper will illustrate that no one Person of the Trinity is above another. Also, focus will be placed on the relationship of the three Persons while explaining their function in relation to each Other. It is true the word Trinity does not exist in the Holy Bible, but the truth of the Trinity is present. This is not a manipulation; this is not even something our finite minds presume. The explicit and overwhelming paradigm of the Triune God expressed in the Bible is obvious to the Christian. Hodge has declared, â€Å"To the eye of an uneducated man the heavens are a chaos of stars. The astronomer sees order and system in this confusion . . . all are so arranged that no one i nterferes with any other, but each is directed according to one comprehensive and magnificent conception.† God has declared in the Bible, â€Å"In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.† (John 1:1 [ESV]) This concept is vital to understand if we are to indeed know God for who He is and have a relationship with Him. Our relationship with God is the most important and intimate relationship we could ever have and is only possible when we fully understand the attributesShow MoreRelatedThe Bible And The Holy Bible766 Words   |  4 PagesChristians believe that there is no error in the Holy Scriptures. Since the Bible was written many years ago, we must reconcile our understanding of passages that seem to make contradictory statements. The Holy Scriptures as a whole is the Word of God. The doctrine of inerrancy of Scripture states that there are no errors in the bible. Two passages in 1 John, however, make seemly contradictory statements. But the author wrote under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. The meaning of two passages in 1Read MoreThe Bible And The Holy Bible Essay1730 Words   |  7 PagesFrom its first pages, the Holy Bible indicates that the most terrible events in the annals of space occur due to the human actions. From the theological point of view, the man is designated with such importance due to the fact of being the reason of war between God and Lucifer. Unfortunately, after the Fall of man, the evil was allowed into the world, and thus the world got secluded from God. God can speak to people, is able to remind them of His existence, but the whole tragedy of the pre-ChristianRead MoreThe Bible And The Holy Bible2081 Words   |  9 Pages Any Christian who reads the Holy Bible and studies to Bible knows many of Jesus’s as parables. The new testament is filled with numerous amount of parables which seem to be stories that Jesus told in order to get his message across. The word parable comes from πΠ±Ã ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ which means a figure of speech., and this is the way that Jesus spoke. I have spoken to you in figures of speech; the hour is coming when I shall no longer speak to you in figures of speech, but tell you plainly of the Father.(JohnRead MoreThe Bible And The Holy Bible2735 Words   |  11 PagesMesser says that for Christians, the Holy Bible is the rich mixture of writings of various kinds, written over many centuries in many different settings collected together in the Hebrew Bible, and the New Testament; and by calling this collection of writing â€Å"Scripture† we are marking it off from other writings that come from the same places and times and claiming that is has some kind of special status and authority within the commu nity of Christian faith. (Messer p5) One way for Christians toRead MoreThe Holy Bible And Holy Torah1454 Words   |  6 Pageshypothesis. This included one interview with a devout Catholic from the Islands of Fiji (Mar, Interviewee,13/07/15). Moreover, comprehensive secondary research was gathered from a variety of books and relevant websites. In particular, the holy Bible and the holy Torah were very useful, as this main aspects of information gathering denoted a very different and diverse approach to the Initiation ritual. The writer will investigate how he has used the information to formulate, his own ideas and conceptsRead MoreThe Holy Text Of The Bible765 Words   |  4 Pagesvirtually shaped the world so throughout this essay I will discuss about the holy text of the bible, and about the general concept of the Judaism. Frist, Judaism has a rich history of religious text. As Rabbi Edwards from Rodfei Zedek stated, â€Å"The Torah is the first part of the Jewish Bible. It is the central and most important document of Judaism and had been used by Jews through the ages†. There are five books where the bible is made Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. Torah refersRead MoreThe Christian Religion / Holy Bible And The Bible1751 Words   |  8 Pagespassing down cultural values, we too are able to learn from them and put such knowledge into a modern context. Particularly dealing with the Christian religion/holy bible that was forcibly spread throughout the world with colonialization, many stories interpreted from it produces various perspectives that seem to change as years pass, with bibles being revised/edited. Even translation from ancient languages into modern languages are not always perfect, so real misunderstandings will remain. However,Read MoreThe Bible : The Holy Spirit1 344 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Bible, composed by 40 authors inside a 1500 year time frame, is an assorted collection of books varying in types, ranging from history, law, prophecy, gospel, and personal epistles. One book telling one story, the Bible’s author, the Holy Spirit, inspires all the writers to tell the world God’s story of salvation through His son Jesus Christ. Featuring God as originator of creation, King of creation, and source of creation, the Bible highlights the kingdom of God as one good funRead MoreThe Bible And The Holy Spirit1702 Words   |  7 Pagesevents that took place in the past, but when you pick up the Bible and read the New Testament and come across the books of Acts, you will be immersed with the Holy Spirit. God’s miraculous hands are placed upon the book of Acts. He is the only one that is able to give this book its meaning in the manner in which we are directed the message that He wants to portray to in our daily lives. Throughout the book of Acts, any reader of the Bible can give account as to what God’s movement throughout the churchRead MoreThe Holy Bible And The Crusades921 Words   |  4 Pagesmany Jews lived there. Saul needed letters from the most important priest. Then he would have authority. He could catch any believer that he found. People called the early Christians ‘those who followed the way of the lord†.† Acts 1: 1-2. (The sword bible translators notes). He was a witness in the stoning of Stephen in Acts 7. He met with Jesus on his way to Damascus and he was charged with a message to the Gentiles. Ananias was commanded by God to go to the street call straight and pray for Saul who

Surrogacy In The Handmaids Tale By Margaret Atwood

Throughout The Handmaids Tale by Margaret Atwood there begins to become a clear difference in the personal attitudes the Handmaids have towards surrogacy compared to attitudes of modern day surrogates. In modern day society, Americans are very proud of the free will they have, giving them the ability to choose endless possibilities of who and what they want to be. Becoming a surrogate is a choice made 100% by women, offering their wombs to couples who may be experiencing fertility complications. With not only the willingness to be extreamly helpful, these women are also being compensated for this choice. According to Growing Generations, a suggocasy website, women are making anywhere from $42,000 - $75,000 per child. Having the ability†¦show more content†¦Explaining how because the birth is not natural people view it as unbibical or unnatural. Also how during this procedure could but the mothers health at risk as well as the unborn child. While either side is not deemed rig ht or wrong there is defenity a split on viewpoints. However throughout The Handmaids Tail there is a consistant opinion how soceity views surrgacy. Handmaids are viewed as merely an object. Being stripped of everything that humanises them; from their names, ability to read and write, freedom, and much more. Authoritative figures like the Commander try to remind Handmaids of their â€Å"duty† of surrogacy throughout the book by manipulating them using Bible verses, one of them being, â€Å"Give me children, or else I die. Am I in God’s stead, who hath withheld from thee the fruit of the womb? Behold my maid Bilhah. She shall bear upon my knees, that I may also have children by her† (Atwood 88). As the government is based on religion, there is an expectation these authoritative figures are trying to create. Not only do the Commanders and wives have the expectation of the Handmaids to bear children but God as well. Finally, there is a clear differences between how the wives in The Handmaids Tale respond to surrogacy vs. how modern day wives respond. In modern day society, women who choose to use a surrogate have a bittersweet experience. As obvious emotions of sorrow and sadness are correlated with not being able to conceive a child of their own but there isShow MoreRelatedOrwell s 1984 And Huxley s Brave New World1821 Words   |  8 Pagesreflected in the tale of persecution presented by Margaret Atwood in The Handmaids Tale and the dystopian society of Gilead. Unlike other dystopian novels and actual historical events, however, Atwood introduces a new persecuted group in The Handmaids Tale: not Jews, Muslims, witches or political radicals, but Women. Atwood also introduces a novel form of persecution that includes both pre and post-inception. The oppression of women is present in both periods demarcated in Handmaid’s Tale, the pre-Gilead

Explication Of The Raven By Edgar Allan Poe - 1102 Words

Holly Hecox Perdue English Composition II 28 February 2016 Explication: â€Å"The Raven† by Edgar Allan Poe Through the use of an un-named narrator in his poem entitled â€Å"The Raven†, Poe darkly conveys feeling understood by many: hopelessness, lost love, and death. The poem follows the un-named narrator, as he reflects on, as well as struggles with, the realization of his lost love, Lenore. Like many, he tries to detract his overwhelming feelings for Lenore by investing his time in studying books. Despite his greatest efforts, he is unsuccessful. Much to his surprise, his solitude is interrupted by an unanticipated visitor. Throughout the poem, Poe uses imagery, tone, symbolism, and rhyme as a means of conveying his overall themes of undying devotion and lingering grief. Around midnight on a â€Å"bleak December† night, a â€Å"weak and weary† man is reading while â€Å"nearly napping†. He reads as a means of nullifying the sorrow he feels â€Å"for the lost Lenore†. Suddenly, he is jolted alert by some visitor tapping at his chamber door. The lonely man tells himself â€Å" ‘Tis some visitor† â€Å"and nothing more†, but as he widely opens his chamber door, he finds â€Å"darkness there and nothing more†. Staring into the darkness, the narrator dreams about the impossibilities of his lost love, and even whispers her name; ‘Lenore’. Upon returning to his chamber, a stronger tapping, at the window, is catching his attention. Courageously exploring the noise, he is amused and relieved when a raven flies in fromShow MoreRelatedEssay on Collection of Poems by Various Authors3882 Words   |  16 PagesBiography, Edgar Allan Poe The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe Mamie by Carl Sandburg Explication, Mamie by Carl Sandburg Two Strangers Breakfast by Carl Sandburg Mag by Carl Sandburg Explications of Two Strangers Breakfast and Mag by Carl Sandburg Reasons Why by Langston Hughes Explication of Reasons Why by Langston Hughes The Faces of Our Youth by Franklin Delano Roosevelt Enjoyment, Explication, The Faces of Our Youth by Franklin Delano Roosevelt Annabel Lee by Edgar Allan Poe Read MoreThe Raven And Ulalume By Edgar Allan Poe3442 Words   |  14 Pagesand Repetition Discussed in Edgar Allan Poe’s The Raven and Ulalume Were I called on to define the term ‘Art,’ Poe once wrote, I should call it ‘the reproduction of what the Senses perceive in Nature through the veil of the Soul.’ The intense grief that is felt after losing a loved one can often result in despair and irrationality, but in some of Poe’s poetry it has resulted in the severe mental collapse of the narrator. In The Raven and Ulalume by Edgar Allan Poe, the adverse effects followingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Raven 1813 Words   |  8 PagesThose that have read â€Å"The Raven† may not fully understand what the young man in the poem is feeling and may question why does he do these things. Have a better understanding of the character’s feelings and what he must have gone through. He closes himself off from others and gains a fascinating raven that flies into his home. Some believe the reason why his is sad and lonely is because he self-torments. Though in reality the young man only mis ses his beloved so greatly that he can’t help but feelRead More A Deconstructive Glance at Edgar Allan Poes The City in the Sea2445 Words   |  10 PagesA Deconstructive Glance at Edgar Allan Poes The City in the Sea Always mesmerizing, Edgar Allan Poes poems range from deep and depressing to dark and grotesque. Certainly this is true of his poem â€Å"The City in the Sea,† which is dark in tone and ambiguous meaning. What does it mean, and where did Poe come up with his concept? There are many possible answers to this question, and interpretations include the phallic and yonic symbols of Freudian theory and the idea of biblical cities as

Abbot’s Act Of Stealing And Ethics Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Abbots Act Of Stealing And Ethics. Answer: Facts: Abbot is a philosophy Student who has faces deprivation and poverty Abbot suffers from vitamin deficiency and therefore is advised by the doctor to eat meat which he cannot afford Abbots friends encourage him to steal meat from Ms Costellos grocery shop saying that stores have an ethical obligation to the society Abbot steals from Ms. Costellos grocery store and justifies the act of stealing saying Ms. Costello has an ethical duty to the students. Issue The issue in this scenario is whether the Abbots act of stealing is justified. Test: For the purpose of assessing whether the act of stealing is justified it is essential to assess whether the theft of meat from the shop Ms Costello it is important to assess the facts of the case By the principles of ethical theories. Every member of the society has the obligation to comply with social duties and respect the rights of the others in the society (Van Hooft, 2014). Further it can be stated that government has framed certain regulations and codified the same as laws so that people comply with same and ensure that anarchy is not promoted in the society. According to the ethical theory of virtue ethics it can be said that the actions of individuals reflect their character (Carr, 2016). Virtues can be considered to be inherent qualities of individuals and the same are acquired over time. Virtue ethics emphasizes on the moral character and virtues of individuals in assessing whether their actions are in line with the ethical standards. Virtue ethics can be considered to be one of the major approaches in normative ethics. Virtues ethicists attend to virtues primarily as consequentiaists attend to consequences of actions (Segon Booth, 2015). It can be stated according to section 657.2 of the Canadian Criminal Code that an individual can be charged with theft if he is found with possession of another persons property which had been acquired by the commission of an offense (Laws-lois.justice.gc.ca, 2018). The act of stealing the property of another person is not only unethical but also illegal. It can be said that when a person is found with the possession of an item of the shop for which he has not paid, such person can be called a shoplifter. Application of the test According to the theory of virtue ethics as discussed earlier, it can be said that the act of stealing does not reflect good virtues or moral character of an individual. The act of stealing is inherently unethical and cannot be considered to be an option to alleviate oneself of poverty and deprivation. The act of stealing itself is harmful and has a criminal intent. In the given scenario Abbot further went on to justify the act of stealing by saying that Ms Costello has a social obligation to the students. Justifying theft as a matter of right also reflects low moral character of Abbot. Not only is theft considered to be unethical but also illegal. Abbots act of taking possession of the property of Ms Costellos store without paying for the same constitutes theft which is defined and labeled by the Canadian Criminal Code as an offense. Therefore it can be said that Abbots act was unethical and illegal. References: Van Hooft, S. (2014).Understanding virtue ethics. Routledge. Carr, D. (2016). Virtue, character and emotion in people professions: towards a virtue ethics of interpersonal professional conduct. InTowards Professional Wisdom(pp. 113-126). Routledge. 'Criminal Code' (Laws-lois.justice.gc.ca, 2018) https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/ accessed 25 March 2018 Segon, M., Booth, C. (2015). Virtue: The missing ethics element in emotional intelligence.Journal of Business Ethics,128(4), 789-802.

Two Nation Theory of Subcontinent Essay Example

Two Nation Theory of Subcontinent Essay â€Å"One lesson I have learnt from the history of Muslims. At critical moments in their history it is Islam that has saved Muslims and not vice versa. † (Sir Muhammad Iqbal) Why Ideology of Pakistan is Important: Today the world community comprises of more than 180 countries. Pakistan appeared on the world map in August 1947, and became the first Islamic ideological state of the modern times. Unlike the non-ideological states, it was not established due to any geographical conflict or territorial domination by a group of people. If the ideology of such a state like Pakistan is dead then its existence can be questioned.Therefore, Pakistan can’t exist if there is no more ideology of Pakistan. Pakistan is an ideological state†¦established in the name of the Islam. But on the 31st of December 1971, this land of ours, lost its east wing. And East Pakistan emerged on the world map as Bangladesh. The then prime minister of India Ms. Indra Gandhi claimed that the birth of Bangladesh is the death of the two-nation theory†¦ If, as said, the ideology of Pakistan came to an end in 1971, then the objective behind the creation of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan would have come to an end too.Purpose of Pakistan The breakup of the country in 1971 raised cynical eyebrows about national identity and gave rise to the theory of sub-nationalities on the basis of race, religion and language. Thus questions are being asked about the very existence of Pakistan. The debate about the motivating force behind the making of Pakistan has been one endless exercise. Was there any need of Pakistan at all? Is this just another Muslim state like many others? Was creation of Pakistan a conspiracy of the British and/or of Muslim League?Was it to retrieve the ancient glory of the Islamic era, or to find a base for the reconstruction of Islamic thought and the resurgence and re-adaptation of its message to our day and age? Was Pakistan created accidentally? Was the sacrific e of thousands of Muslims in 1947 useless? Should Pakistan and India be merged together to form â€Å"Akhand Bharat† to restore peace in the Sub-continent? What is Two Nation Theory? Two-Nation theory is the basis of creation of Pakistan. It states thatMuslims and Hindus are two separate nations from every definition; therefore Muslims should have a separate homeland in the Muslim majority areas of India, where they can spend their lives according to the glorious teachings of Islam. If Muslims of the sub-continent comprise an Islamic nation then they have the right to have separate homeland as Muhammad Ali Jinnah, (in his address to the annual session of Muslim League) mentioned and I quote: â€Å"History has presented to us many examples, such as the Union of Great Britain and Ireland, of Czechoslovakia and Poland.History has also shown to us many geographical tracts, much smaller than the sub-continent of India, which otherwise might have been called one country, but which have been divided into as many seven or eight sovereign states. Like-wise, the Portuguese and the Spanish stand divided in the Iberian Peninsula. † The Definition Of Nation The significance and reality of Pakistan has not been fully understood in the west. To the west, nationality based on religion is an alien and often-incomprehensible phenomenon.This is because religion in the West has come to play such a restricted role. In the West, Germans and French are accepted as two separate nations. However, the fact of Hindus and Muslims in India representing two separate cultural entities is seldom appreciated. A young French student may visit a family in Germany, share their meals, may attend the same church and even marry a girl in the family without creating a scandal or surprise. But such instances of intermarriage have been extremely rare in the Indo-Pak Sub-Continent.Even some of the most ardent Indian Nationalist has found the idea totally unacceptable. As Sir Abdur Rahim o bserved: â€Å"Any of us Indian Muslims traveling for instances in Afghanistan, Persia and Central Asia among Chinese Muslims, Arabs and Turks, would at once be made at home and would not find anything to which we are not accustomed. On the contrary, in India we find ourselves in all social matters total aliens when we cross the street and enter that part of the town where our Hindu fellow townsmen live. † Is Two Nation Theory A New ConceptA point generally raised by the opponent of the two-nation theory is that Pakistan was created accidentally and that the intellect of most of the Muslims at that time was overpowered by emotions. Moreover, that this phenomenon emerged in the early decade of the 20th century. But, what the history reveals is something different. Two-Nation theory was not at all as new phenomenon. History of Two Nation Theory Mahatma Gandhi, speaking in the second session of the Round table conference in London in 1931, said that the quarrel between Hindus an d Muslims was ‘coreview with the British advent’ in India.It would be difficult to maintain such a position historically because the conflict between Hindus and Muslims had started long before the emergence of the British power in India. The phenomenon of Two-Nation theory originated with the advent of Islam in the Sub-Continent (712AD). According to Jinnah, â€Å"The concept of two nation theory originated the day, the first Hindu converted to Muslim. † The partition of India was proposed more than seven hundred years prior to the Lahore resolution.In 1192 AD, on the eve of battle of Tarian, according to famous historian Farishta, Sultan Muizz-ud-Din had suggested to his rival, Pirthviraj, the partition of India, leaving the region of Sirhind, Punjab and Multan with Sultan and retaining the rest of India for himself. This proposal cropped up again after 150 years, when Al-Beruni pointed out the existence of the two big groups of people subscribing to two differe nt religions. â€Å"This (the religious difference) renders any connection with them† says Beruni, â€Å"quite impossible and constitutes the widest of gulf between them and us (Hindu and Muslims). |Perhaps Emperor Aurengzeb (1658-1707) was responsible for increasing Hindu Muslim tensions by trying to Islamize the Mughal | |government. Several Muslim historians have actually glorified Aurengzeb for making Muslims conscious of their separate religious | |and ideological identity. It is also true that Maratha and Sikh leaders raised their banner of revolt against Aurangzeb because | |in trying to organize his government on Islamic lines, the emperor was acting against their interest.Sir Jaduanath Sarkar’s | |observation on the role of Shivaji, the Maratha leader, is revealing: | |â€Å"Shivaji has shown that the tree of Hinduism is not really dead. That it can rise from beneath the seemingly crushing load of | |centuries of political bondage, exclusion from the adminis tration, and legal repression; it can put forth new leaves and branches| |it can again lift its head up to the skies† | |After Aurangzeb’s death, Muslim power started disintegrating.Muslims were so alarmed by the growing power of the Hindus under | |Maratha leadership that even a Sufi scholar like Shah Walliullha (1703-81) was moved into writing a letter to the Afghan King | |Shah Walliullah. He wrote: | |â€Å"In short, the Muslim community is in a pitiable condition. All control of the machinery of government is in the hands of Hindus,| |because they are the only people who are capable and industrious.Wealth and prosperity are concentrated in their hands; while | |the share of Muslims is nothing but poverty and misery†¦ At this time you are the only King who is powerful, far-sighted, and | |capable of defeating the enemy forces. Certainly it is incumbent upon you to march to India, destroy the Maratha domination and | |rescue weak and old Muslims from the clutch es of Non-Muslims. If, God forbid, domination by infidels continues, Muslims will | |forget Islam and within a short time become such a nation that there will be nothing left distinguish them from non-Muslims. | |This letter by Shah Walliullah to a foreign Muslim against the local Non-Muslims again reflects that Muslims living in any part | |of the world are the part of one Muslim Nation. | |The Two Nations | |Although the Hindus and Muslims had been living together for centuries in the Indian sub-continent, yet there had never been | |either any signs of merger of the Hindu and Muslims societies, or any serious attempt to develop a working relationship between | |the two major ethnic groups.The two have always remained as two distinct social systems, two separate and distinct cultures and | |last but not the least, two different civilizations. | |In fact, Hindu fanaticism has always been against those who do not belong to them and against all outsiders, whom they consider | |maleec h or unclean. So they are against having any connection with such people, what to speak of inter-marriage, a Hindu is often| |forbidden eat or drink or to even shake hand with a Muslim or for that matter with a person belonging to any other faith or | |religion.In short the Hindu customs and their hatred for Muslims was the main factor against developing a working relationship | |between the two major societies. | |Lala Lajpat Rai, a very astute politician and staunch Hindu Mahasabhite, in his letter to Mr. C. R. Das, which was written 12 or | |15 years prior to Pakistan Resolution, wrote: | |â€Å"There is one point more which has been troubling me very much of late and one which I want you to think (about) carefully, and | |that is the question of Hindu Mohammedan unity.I have devoted most of my time during the last six months to the study of Muslim | |history and Muslim law, and I am inclined to think it is neither possible nor practicable. Assuming and admitting the sincerity | |of Mohammedan leaders in the non-cooperation movement, I think their religion provides an effective bar to anything of that kind†¦| |And nothing would relieve more than to be convinced that it is so. But if it is right, then it comes to this, that although we | |can unite against the British, we cannot do so to rule Hindustan on British lines.We cannot do so to rule Hindustan on | |democratic lines. † | |[pic] |[pic] | Muhammad Ali Jinnah, (in his address to the annual session of Muslim League) mentioned: â€Å"It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism.They are not religions in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, different social orders. It is a dream that the Hindu and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality; and this misconception of one Indian nation has gone far beyond the limits, and is the cause of most of our troubles, and will lead India to destruction, if we fail to r evise our notions in time. The Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs and literature.They neither intermarry, nor interline together and indeed they belong to two different civilizations, which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspects on life and of life are different. It is quite clear that Hindus and Musalmans derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics, their heroes are different, and they have different episodes. Very often the hero of one is a foe of the other, and likewise, their victories and defeats overlap.To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and the final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the government of such a state. † Is Pakistan a Conspiracy of British And/Or Jinnah For the congress, the establishment of Pakistan was a cr uel blow to their claim of being a nationalist organization. It meant that Muslims did not trust the Hindus as a majority community to be just and generous towards Muslims interests and culture.This explains why congress leaders have often tended to attribute the creation of Pakistan almost entirely to the British policy of ‘divide and rule’. However, a closer look at the history after the establishment of the British rule in India will reveal that the Hindus were much closer to the British government than the Muslims. The Hindus, who were fed up with the Muslim rule, welcomed the British rule over India. This state of affairs resulted in the patronage of the Hindus by the British and suspicion and distrust against the Muslims of the sub-continent.The Hindus were economically better off than the Muslims. The events of 1857 further diminished the prospects of economic growth of the Muslim community in the sub-continent. From 1857 onwards, when the British had taken compl ete control of the Indian Administration, they elevated the Hindu community to the status of landlords, gave the Hindus proprietary rights and provided them the opportunity to accumulate the wealth which should have otherwise gone to the Muslims who were at the helm of affairs. Hindus were given more jobs in the government and military compared to Muslims.Lets now look see whether the establishment of Pakistan in 1947 as the largest Muslim state was a conspiracy of Jinnah. Muhammad Ali Jinnah remained an active member of the Indian National Congress for about 25 years, and because of his personal efforts to bring about a rapprochement between Hindus and Muslims was even hailed as the ‘Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity’. As long as effective power in India was in the hands of the British, it appeared as if a true nationalism was growing in that country.However, with the introduction of representative institutions and the devolution of political authority, the Hindus start ed showing their true colors by imposing their superiority over the Muslim minority, as a result of which a struggle between Hindus and Muslims ensued. Jinnah was greatly disappointed by these movements by the congress leaders and so he resigned from the Congress. The behavior of the Congress leader changed his mind and realized him that the Congress is a Hindu Congress. Another popular view regards Pakistan as no more than a personal triumph of the brilliant strategy and will power of Quaid-e-Azam| |Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Some have even gone so far as to suggest that had Jinnah died earlier, there would not have been any | |Pakistan. It is true that Jinnah’s great role was a highly important contributing factor; but without intense religious zeal for | |an Islamic state on the part of Muslim masses, Jinnah could not have achieved Pakistan.Khilafat leaders like Maulana Muhammad | |Ali and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and poets like Hali, Akbar Allahabdi and Iqbal were mainly respons ible for making Muslims | |conscious of their separate national and cultural identity. Thus, when the message of Pakistan was presented to the masses, it | |fell on fertile soil. Jinnah, who did not know Urdu, could not have achieved Pakistan without able and zealous lieutenants and | |without the vision of an Islamic state as an inspiring stimulant.One may even go so far as to say that the Muslim League, led | |largely by the middle-class Muslim Leaders, would have probably come to some sort of compromise on the issue of Pakistan had they| |not been swept off their feet by the intense Islamic fervor of the masses and the astounding success that the Muslim League | |achieved during the elections of 1945-46. It has been reported that the Quaid-e-Azam himself never expected to see Pakistan in | |his lifetime. |Congress leaders tried to challenge the two-nation theory by pointing out that a large number of Muslims in India were | |descendants of Hindu forebears who had converted to Isl am. They also argued that there was hardly any cultural difference between| |Hindus and Muslims in the rural areas where the vast majority of both communities lived. But these arguments could not alter the | |fact that a change in one’s religion from Hinduism to Islam in the Indian context not merely implied a change in one’s religion, | |but also a significant change in man’s social and cultural status.The new convert became the member of an egalitarian social and| |cultural force in large parts of India. Particularly in the North Western part of India, which constitutes Pakistan today, the | |dominant culture that emerged was clearly Islam. | |From Bande Mataram to Pakistan | |The first provincial elections under the 1935 Act were held in 1937, as a result of these elections, the congress was invited to | |form ministries in seven provinces.The attitude of the congress government towards the Muslims was very cruel, and it opened the| |eyes of Muslims to the im pending danger. The hostile attitude of Congress government towards the Muslims was by itself a proof of| |Hindus being a separate Nation. The experience of living under Congress rule was one major factor which shook the Muslims from | |their political slumber and made them instantly conscious of their distinct national identity. | |Let’s consider the example of â€Å"Bande Mataram†. The Bande Mataram was adopted as the national anthem in the Congress Governed | |provinces.Muslim children were compelled to sing this anthem, which the Quaid described as â€Å"Idolatrous and worse a hymn of | |hatred for Muslims. † | |The song â€Å"Bande Mataram† is from an old Bengali novel, Anand Math, written by Bankim Chandra Chattrji. It tells the story of a | |secret religio-political society of Hindus plotting the overthrow of the Muslim power in Bengal in the 18th century. The new | |recruits to the secret society recited the Bande Mataram as a vow. A new recruit, Mohendra, was led by the leader, Bhavananda, to| |the temple of Anand Math to have darshan of the Mother.In the first chamber Mohendra was greeted by a massive four-armed Vishnu,| |flanked by the idols of Lakshami and Arawati, and a lonely image sitting on his lap. Bhavanda pointing to the lady on the lap of | |Lord Vishnu told Mohendra that she is the Mother and we are her children. The next chamber was decorated with the image of | |Jagatdhari, another deity who was explained, as â€Å"The mother was first like this†, the next camber where ten-armed Durga was | |presiding, attended by Lakshami and Sarawati.Bhavanda explained: â€Å"This is what the Mother will be like†¦ when the enemy has been | |crushed under her feet†. Mohendra was overcome with religious fervor and chanted these lines of Bande Mataram to be confirmed as | |a member of the anti-Muslim secret society: | |[pic] |[pic] | Thou art Durga with ten arms: | |And thou art Lakshmi, the lotus ranging; | |And thou art Vani that Givweth knowledge; | |I salute thee | |The Congress Government went to such an extent as to replace Urdu by Hindi, banning of Cow slaughter and even celebrating | |Gandhi’s Birthday officially and compelling the students Hindus and non-Hindus to worship the picture of Mahatma Gandhi. | |From the above very brief but factual analysis of the relationship which had developed between the two major Communities of India| |i. e; the Hindus and the Muslims, it should no longer be a questionable proposition as to why the Muslims insisted on the | |partition of India and having a separate Homeland for the Muslims. | |The Tragedy of 1971 | |The separation of East Pakistan was no doubt the biggest tragedy in the history of Pakistan.However, it should not be regarded | |as death of Two Nation Theory. First of all Bangladesh, though no more a part of Pakistan but still is neither a Hindu state nor | |a secular state rather is a Muslim State. The elite of West Pakist an were not able to understand the real situation in East | |Pakistan and they absolutely failed to tackle it. In spite of all these mistakes by the government, the involvement of the | |foreign hand in separation of East Pakistan, is a solid reality. Those who cry today upon the â€Å"cross-border† terrorism in Kashmir| |(in spite of the fact that there is no international border in Kashmir) have totally forgotten the hands and faces behind the | |Muktibahini.The way the Bangla youth was brain washed by Hindu teachers and scholars is an open secret. The fact is that not | |much literature was available in the Bangla language about Islam, neither any translation of Iqbal nor of Moududi. On the other | |hand Robinder Nath Tegore and Chander Mukr Ji were very popular. | |The Muslim Bangladesh though no more a part of Pakistan is independent from the fright of Hindu domination. | |Ms. Indra Gandhi’s statement about the creation of Bangladesh, was by itself a proof of the existence of the Two-Nation Theory. | |She claimed that today ‘we’ have taken the revenge of the â€Å"1000’s years slavery†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ but in 1971 Pakistan was just 24 years old!!! | |Then what was she referring to by mentioning the 1000 years? Definitely she was talking about the era when Muslims ruled India. | |This means Pakistan didn’t emerge neither with the advent of British to India, nor is a result of â€Å"Divide and Conquer†, nor is a | |conspiracy of the Muslim League, nor is a symbol of nationalism based on territory. Pakistan-based on the Two-Nation theory | |existed long before August 47 in the heart of every Muslim of the Sub-Continent, who wanted the revival of the Muslim Ummah. | |[pic] |[pic] | Two Nation Theory At PresentKeeping in view the above discussion in light of facts and figures from history, it can be claimed that theTwo Nation Theory is a reality even today. Unfortunately, the Hindu community of the sub-continent has never accepted this reality from the very beginning and they still want to convert the Indo-Pak sub-continent to Maha Bharat. They want all non-Hindus to change their faith to Hinduism. The top leadership of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which is currently ruling India, has not only publicly denounced the two-nation theory but has also declared that it does not accept the partition of the Sub-Continent in 1947 which was based on this theory. On the same analogy, the BJP claims that Kashmir is an integral part of India.The BJP also advises the Muslims in India that they must stop looking towards Makkah and Medina as they can live only by accepting Hindutva. The BJP government, in order to assimilate the Muslim population in India with the Hindu majority, also intends to amend Muslim personal laws. A movement has also been launched in India, with the blessing of the BJP government, that all the Indians, irrespective of their religious beliefs, should call themselves Hindus, as th ey are the citizens of â€Å"Hindustan†. The non-Hindus in India, particularly the Muslims, are also being advised that by adopting the Hindu faith they may ensure for themselves an honorable place in the country.It may be recalled that Madhav Sadarish Golwalker, the head of the RSS, whom the Indian Prime Minister, Atal Behari Vajpayee, considers his ‘soul and mentor’, in his book entitled â€Å"WE: our own nationhood defined†, while branding the Muslims of India as ‘enemies’ belonging to foreign races, recommended that ‘the foreign races in Hindustan’ must either adopt Hindu culture and language, must entertain no idea but those of the glorification of the Hindu race and culture, i. e; of the Hindu nation, must lose their separate existence to merge in the Hindu race, or may stay in the country, wholly subordinated to the Hindu race, claiming nothing, deserving no privilege, far less any preferential treatment – not even c itizen’s right.The enormous difficulties, which the Muslims are encountering for the protection of their religious beliefs and for the restitution of their political, economic and other rights in the so-called secular but Hindu-dominated India, bear testimony to the political acumen and far sightedness of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah who so rightly had perceived the establishment of a separate state for the Muslims of the Sub-Continent to save them from unfair treatment by the Hindu Majority. Many opponents of the Two-Nation theory, base their arguments on the fact that India at present has a Muslim community, which is larger in population than the Muslim population in Pakistan.Therefore, according to the Two-Nation theory, Pakistan’s border should be opened to all of them, and in case this is not done then the creation of Pakistan was a selfish act of the Muslims living in the areas comprising Pakistan today, since, it has changed Muslims in India to an even small er minority. First of all opening the borders of Pakistan to all the Muslims is a misinterpretation of the Two-Nation theory, and is simply not applicable. Pakistan was created to have a fortress for the Muslim Ummah. All the Muslim leaders had it very much clear in their mind that all the Muslims would never be the citizens of Pakistan. Many of them became the citizens of India, after 1947, but had struggled for the creation of Pakistan, throughout their lives. Pakistan movement in the Hindu majority provinces was much stronger than in the Hindu minority areas. What does all this reveal?Pakistan is much more than a piece of land. They never struggled for a piece of land to name it Pakistan; they had struggled for the Ideology named Pakistan. The Muslim leaders of the sub-continent struggled for Pakistan on the same guidelines as the Islamic state of Medina Munawara. Many Muslims migrated along with the Prophet (Salalaho Allehe Wa Aalehi Wasalam) to Medina Munawara, however many of them were left in Makkah. Those who had migrated along the Prophet (Salalaho Allehe Wa Aalehi Wasalam) and those who were the citizens of Medina, lived peacefully. While those who were left in Makkah were subjected to the cruelties of the Kaffar in Makkah. Was this unfair with them?It would have been unfair if the people of Medina had not participated in Badar, Uhed and Khandeq and rather would have opted for celebrating â€Å"Basant in Pakistan† at the same time when the people from Pakistan had been sold in Tora Bora†. In that case it would have been unfair†¦ but this certainly does not mean that establishment of â€Å"Medina† was an unfair decision rather it meant that those elements should be subjected to accountability which turn â€Å"jihad till Fatah-e-Makkah† to â€Å"Basant Bahar – the part of our culture†. The condition of the Indian Muslims after fifty-five years reveals the truth of the so-called Indian secularism. The Muslim s in India are still getting a raw deal in every sphere of life. They are still living in the curse of poverty and backwardness. And above all they are still fighting the threats to their religious and cultural identity.The sense of insecurity experienced by the Indian Muslims in the post partition period has been compounded in recent years. In terms of numbers, the Muslims are only next to the Hindus, totaling 95. 2 million (1991 census) and constituting about 12 percent of the population. Yet they are considered by the Hindus even less important than the Jains and Buddhists who are only 0. 43 and 0. 41 percent of the population respectively (1991 census). A prominent Hindu writer S. Harrison admits that the dominant note in the Hindu attitude towards Muslim today is that, Hindus have a natural right to rule in modern India as a form of long overdue retribution for the sins of the Mughal overlords.It is not enough that unified state with a Hindu majority, clearly dominant over a Mu slim minority now reduced to 12 percent, has been established at long last in the Indian sub-continent. The fulfillment of Indian nationalism requires an assertion of Hindu hegemony over the Muslims of the subcontinent in one form or the other. They also have been subjected to the interference in their religion. It usually takes the form of insulting attacks on Islam made in school textbooks, or in the press, desecration of mosques and shrines, or deliberate incitement of feelings of religious hatred against the Muslims. In most of the Hindu dominated Indian states Hindu religious beliefs, philosophy and methodology have been introduced into the text books in the name of Indian culture,.This is to an extent that a glance through the officially prescribed school textbooks leaves an impression that those responsible for them regard India (a supposedly multi religious country) as the home of Brahmans and attach value only to their deities, temples, religious customs and practices. Cou ntless incidents can be cited of the desecration of mosques by the Hindu communists during the last few decades. The 16th century historic Babri mosque was razed to ground by thousands of Hindu fanatics in Ayodhya, (UP) on 16th Dec 1992 and the immense loss of human lives that followed was no secret. Conclusion The Two Nation Theory is still alive.Had there been no Two Nation Theory today, the issues like Kargil, nuclear arms race, and tension on the borders would have never risen. The basic conflict between India and Pakistani nation is still the same. Indians believe in nationality based on territory and therefore want to merge Pakistan back into India. While Pakistanis have been fighting for the last 52 years, to safeguard the Land which they got in the name of Islam. The Kashmir issue, if alive even after 52 years, in spite of India’s utmost effort to crush the lovers of freedom, is crystal clear proof of the reality of the Two Nation Theory. It should be understood that the creation of Pakistan was not the result of an accident but – it had a meaning.The meaning of Pakistan was not to have a separate homeland for the Muslims of Indo-Pakistan to have a better living; it was not to have industries or nuclear capability. The significance of the creation of the fortress of Islam was to give the Muslims of the Sub-Continent in particular and the Muslims of the world in general an idea of brotherhood. A brotherhood based on irrespective of color or creed. Pakistan wanted to have Unity among the Muslims from Morocco to Indonesia and to create a sense of spiritual vision that could be left and understand beyond this materialistic world in which man is fighting with man. The Muslim brotherhood has disagreements and the world is dominated by imperial powers and destined according to their Two Nation Theory of Subcontinent Essay Example Two Nation Theory of Subcontinent Essay â€Å"One lesson I have learnt from the history of Muslims. At critical moments in their history it is Islam that has saved Muslims and not vice versa. † (Sir Muhammad Iqbal) Why Ideology of Pakistan is Important: Today the world community comprises of more than 180 countries. Pakistan appeared on the world map in August 1947, and became the first Islamic ideological state of the modern times. Unlike the non-ideological states, it was not established due to any geographical conflict or territorial domination by a group of people. If the ideology of such a state like Pakistan is dead then its existence can be questioned.Therefore, Pakistan can’t exist if there is no more ideology of Pakistan. Pakistan is an ideological state†¦established in the name of the Islam. But on the 31st of December 1971, this land of ours, lost its east wing. And East Pakistan emerged on the world map as Bangladesh. The then prime minister of India Ms. Indra Gandhi claimed that the birth of Bangladesh is the death of the two-nation theory†¦ If, as said, the ideology of Pakistan came to an end in 1971, then the objective behind the creation of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan would have come to an end too.Purpose of Pakistan The breakup of the country in 1971 raised cynical eyebrows about national identity and gave rise to the theory of sub-nationalities on the basis of race, religion and language. Thus questions are being asked about the very existence of Pakistan. The debate about the motivating force behind the making of Pakistan has been one endless exercise. Was there any need of Pakistan at all? Is this just another Muslim state like many others? Was creation of Pakistan a conspiracy of the British and/or of Muslim League?Was it to retrieve the ancient glory of the Islamic era, or to find a base for the reconstruction of Islamic thought and the resurgence and re-adaptation of its message to our day and age? Was Pakistan created accidentally? Was the sacrific e of thousands of Muslims in 1947 useless? Should Pakistan and India be merged together to form â€Å"Akhand Bharat† to restore peace in the Sub-continent? What is Two Nation Theory? Two-Nation theory is the basis of creation of Pakistan. It states thatMuslims and Hindus are two separate nations from every definition; therefore Muslims should have a separate homeland in the Muslim majority areas of India, where they can spend their lives according to the glorious teachings of Islam. If Muslims of the sub-continent comprise an Islamic nation then they have the right to have separate homeland as Muhammad Ali Jinnah, (in his address to the annual session of Muslim League) mentioned and I quote: â€Å"History has presented to us many examples, such as the Union of Great Britain and Ireland, of Czechoslovakia and Poland.History has also shown to us many geographical tracts, much smaller than the sub-continent of India, which otherwise might have been called one country, but which have been divided into as many seven or eight sovereign states. Like-wise, the Portuguese and the Spanish stand divided in the Iberian Peninsula. † The Definition Of Nation The significance and reality of Pakistan has not been fully understood in the west. To the west, nationality based on religion is an alien and often-incomprehensible phenomenon.This is because religion in the West has come to play such a restricted role. In the West, Germans and French are accepted as two separate nations. However, the fact of Hindus and Muslims in India representing two separate cultural entities is seldom appreciated. A young French student may visit a family in Germany, share their meals, may attend the same church and even marry a girl in the family without creating a scandal or surprise. But such instances of intermarriage have been extremely rare in the Indo-Pak Sub-Continent.Even some of the most ardent Indian Nationalist has found the idea totally unacceptable. As Sir Abdur Rahim o bserved: â€Å"Any of us Indian Muslims traveling for instances in Afghanistan, Persia and Central Asia among Chinese Muslims, Arabs and Turks, would at once be made at home and would not find anything to which we are not accustomed. On the contrary, in India we find ourselves in all social matters total aliens when we cross the street and enter that part of the town where our Hindu fellow townsmen live. † Is Two Nation Theory A New ConceptA point generally raised by the opponent of the two-nation theory is that Pakistan was created accidentally and that the intellect of most of the Muslims at that time was overpowered by emotions. Moreover, that this phenomenon emerged in the early decade of the 20th century. But, what the history reveals is something different. Two-Nation theory was not at all as new phenomenon. History of Two Nation Theory Mahatma Gandhi, speaking in the second session of the Round table conference in London in 1931, said that the quarrel between Hindus an d Muslims was ‘coreview with the British advent’ in India.It would be difficult to maintain such a position historically because the conflict between Hindus and Muslims had started long before the emergence of the British power in India. The phenomenon of Two-Nation theory originated with the advent of Islam in the Sub-Continent (712AD). According to Jinnah, â€Å"The concept of two nation theory originated the day, the first Hindu converted to Muslim. † The partition of India was proposed more than seven hundred years prior to the Lahore resolution.In 1192 AD, on the eve of battle of Tarian, according to famous historian Farishta, Sultan Muizz-ud-Din had suggested to his rival, Pirthviraj, the partition of India, leaving the region of Sirhind, Punjab and Multan with Sultan and retaining the rest of India for himself. This proposal cropped up again after 150 years, when Al-Beruni pointed out the existence of the two big groups of people subscribing to two differe nt religions. â€Å"This (the religious difference) renders any connection with them† says Beruni, â€Å"quite impossible and constitutes the widest of gulf between them and us (Hindu and Muslims). |Perhaps Emperor Aurengzeb (1658-1707) was responsible for increasing Hindu Muslim tensions by trying to Islamize the Mughal | |government. Several Muslim historians have actually glorified Aurengzeb for making Muslims conscious of their separate religious | |and ideological identity. It is also true that Maratha and Sikh leaders raised their banner of revolt against Aurangzeb because | |in trying to organize his government on Islamic lines, the emperor was acting against their interest.Sir Jaduanath Sarkar’s | |observation on the role of Shivaji, the Maratha leader, is revealing: | |â€Å"Shivaji has shown that the tree of Hinduism is not really dead. That it can rise from beneath the seemingly crushing load of | |centuries of political bondage, exclusion from the adminis tration, and legal repression; it can put forth new leaves and branches| |it can again lift its head up to the skies† | |After Aurangzeb’s death, Muslim power started disintegrating.Muslims were so alarmed by the growing power of the Hindus under | |Maratha leadership that even a Sufi scholar like Shah Walliullha (1703-81) was moved into writing a letter to the Afghan King | |Shah Walliullah. He wrote: | |â€Å"In short, the Muslim community is in a pitiable condition. All control of the machinery of government is in the hands of Hindus,| |because they are the only people who are capable and industrious.Wealth and prosperity are concentrated in their hands; while | |the share of Muslims is nothing but poverty and misery†¦ At this time you are the only King who is powerful, far-sighted, and | |capable of defeating the enemy forces. Certainly it is incumbent upon you to march to India, destroy the Maratha domination and | |rescue weak and old Muslims from the clutch es of Non-Muslims. If, God forbid, domination by infidels continues, Muslims will | |forget Islam and within a short time become such a nation that there will be nothing left distinguish them from non-Muslims. | |This letter by Shah Walliullah to a foreign Muslim against the local Non-Muslims again reflects that Muslims living in any part | |of the world are the part of one Muslim Nation. | |The Two Nations | |Although the Hindus and Muslims had been living together for centuries in the Indian sub-continent, yet there had never been | |either any signs of merger of the Hindu and Muslims societies, or any serious attempt to develop a working relationship between | |the two major ethnic groups.The two have always remained as two distinct social systems, two separate and distinct cultures and | |last but not the least, two different civilizations. | |In fact, Hindu fanaticism has always been against those who do not belong to them and against all outsiders, whom they consider | |maleec h or unclean. So they are against having any connection with such people, what to speak of inter-marriage, a Hindu is often| |forbidden eat or drink or to even shake hand with a Muslim or for that matter with a person belonging to any other faith or | |religion.In short the Hindu customs and their hatred for Muslims was the main factor against developing a working relationship | |between the two major societies. | |Lala Lajpat Rai, a very astute politician and staunch Hindu Mahasabhite, in his letter to Mr. C. R. Das, which was written 12 or | |15 years prior to Pakistan Resolution, wrote: | |â€Å"There is one point more which has been troubling me very much of late and one which I want you to think (about) carefully, and | |that is the question of Hindu Mohammedan unity.I have devoted most of my time during the last six months to the study of Muslim | |history and Muslim law, and I am inclined to think it is neither possible nor practicable. Assuming and admitting the sincerity | |of Mohammedan leaders in the non-cooperation movement, I think their religion provides an effective bar to anything of that kind†¦| |And nothing would relieve more than to be convinced that it is so. But if it is right, then it comes to this, that although we | |can unite against the British, we cannot do so to rule Hindustan on British lines.We cannot do so to rule Hindustan on | |democratic lines. † | |[pic] |[pic] | Muhammad Ali Jinnah, (in his address to the annual session of Muslim League) mentioned: â€Å"It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism.They are not religions in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, different social orders. It is a dream that the Hindu and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality; and this misconception of one Indian nation has gone far beyond the limits, and is the cause of most of our troubles, and will lead India to destruction, if we fail to r evise our notions in time. The Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs and literature.They neither intermarry, nor interline together and indeed they belong to two different civilizations, which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspects on life and of life are different. It is quite clear that Hindus and Musalmans derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics, their heroes are different, and they have different episodes. Very often the hero of one is a foe of the other, and likewise, their victories and defeats overlap.To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and the final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the government of such a state. † Is Pakistan a Conspiracy of British And/Or Jinnah For the congress, the establishment of Pakistan was a cr uel blow to their claim of being a nationalist organization. It meant that Muslims did not trust the Hindus as a majority community to be just and generous towards Muslims interests and culture.This explains why congress leaders have often tended to attribute the creation of Pakistan almost entirely to the British policy of ‘divide and rule’. However, a closer look at the history after the establishment of the British rule in India will reveal that the Hindus were much closer to the British government than the Muslims. The Hindus, who were fed up with the Muslim rule, welcomed the British rule over India. This state of affairs resulted in the patronage of the Hindus by the British and suspicion and distrust against the Muslims of the sub-continent.The Hindus were economically better off than the Muslims. The events of 1857 further diminished the prospects of economic growth of the Muslim community in the sub-continent. From 1857 onwards, when the British had taken compl ete control of the Indian Administration, they elevated the Hindu community to the status of landlords, gave the Hindus proprietary rights and provided them the opportunity to accumulate the wealth which should have otherwise gone to the Muslims who were at the helm of affairs. Hindus were given more jobs in the government and military compared to Muslims.Lets now look see whether the establishment of Pakistan in 1947 as the largest Muslim state was a conspiracy of Jinnah. Muhammad Ali Jinnah remained an active member of the Indian National Congress for about 25 years, and because of his personal efforts to bring about a rapprochement between Hindus and Muslims was even hailed as the ‘Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity’. As long as effective power in India was in the hands of the British, it appeared as if a true nationalism was growing in that country.However, with the introduction of representative institutions and the devolution of political authority, the Hindus start ed showing their true colors by imposing their superiority over the Muslim minority, as a result of which a struggle between Hindus and Muslims ensued. Jinnah was greatly disappointed by these movements by the congress leaders and so he resigned from the Congress. The behavior of the Congress leader changed his mind and realized him that the Congress is a Hindu Congress. Another popular view regards Pakistan as no more than a personal triumph of the brilliant strategy and will power of Quaid-e-Azam| |Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Some have even gone so far as to suggest that had Jinnah died earlier, there would not have been any | |Pakistan. It is true that Jinnah’s great role was a highly important contributing factor; but without intense religious zeal for | |an Islamic state on the part of Muslim masses, Jinnah could not have achieved Pakistan.Khilafat leaders like Maulana Muhammad | |Ali and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and poets like Hali, Akbar Allahabdi and Iqbal were mainly respons ible for making Muslims | |conscious of their separate national and cultural identity. Thus, when the message of Pakistan was presented to the masses, it | |fell on fertile soil. Jinnah, who did not know Urdu, could not have achieved Pakistan without able and zealous lieutenants and | |without the vision of an Islamic state as an inspiring stimulant.One may even go so far as to say that the Muslim League, led | |largely by the middle-class Muslim Leaders, would have probably come to some sort of compromise on the issue of Pakistan had they| |not been swept off their feet by the intense Islamic fervor of the masses and the astounding success that the Muslim League | |achieved during the elections of 1945-46. It has been reported that the Quaid-e-Azam himself never expected to see Pakistan in | |his lifetime. |Congress leaders tried to challenge the two-nation theory by pointing out that a large number of Muslims in India were | |descendants of Hindu forebears who had converted to Isl am. They also argued that there was hardly any cultural difference between| |Hindus and Muslims in the rural areas where the vast majority of both communities lived. But these arguments could not alter the | |fact that a change in one’s religion from Hinduism to Islam in the Indian context not merely implied a change in one’s religion, | |but also a significant change in man’s social and cultural status.The new convert became the member of an egalitarian social and| |cultural force in large parts of India. Particularly in the North Western part of India, which constitutes Pakistan today, the | |dominant culture that emerged was clearly Islam. | |From Bande Mataram to Pakistan | |The first provincial elections under the 1935 Act were held in 1937, as a result of these elections, the congress was invited to | |form ministries in seven provinces.The attitude of the congress government towards the Muslims was very cruel, and it opened the| |eyes of Muslims to the im pending danger. The hostile attitude of Congress government towards the Muslims was by itself a proof of| |Hindus being a separate Nation. The experience of living under Congress rule was one major factor which shook the Muslims from | |their political slumber and made them instantly conscious of their distinct national identity. | |Let’s consider the example of â€Å"Bande Mataram†. The Bande Mataram was adopted as the national anthem in the Congress Governed | |provinces.Muslim children were compelled to sing this anthem, which the Quaid described as â€Å"Idolatrous and worse a hymn of | |hatred for Muslims. † | |The song â€Å"Bande Mataram† is from an old Bengali novel, Anand Math, written by Bankim Chandra Chattrji. It tells the story of a | |secret religio-political society of Hindus plotting the overthrow of the Muslim power in Bengal in the 18th century. The new | |recruits to the secret society recited the Bande Mataram as a vow. A new recruit, Mohendra, was led by the leader, Bhavananda, to| |the temple of Anand Math to have darshan of the Mother.In the first chamber Mohendra was greeted by a massive four-armed Vishnu,| |flanked by the idols of Lakshami and Arawati, and a lonely image sitting on his lap. Bhavanda pointing to the lady on the lap of | |Lord Vishnu told Mohendra that she is the Mother and we are her children. The next chamber was decorated with the image of | |Jagatdhari, another deity who was explained, as â€Å"The mother was first like this†, the next camber where ten-armed Durga was | |presiding, attended by Lakshami and Sarawati.Bhavanda explained: â€Å"This is what the Mother will be like†¦ when the enemy has been | |crushed under her feet†. Mohendra was overcome with religious fervor and chanted these lines of Bande Mataram to be confirmed as | |a member of the anti-Muslim secret society: | |[pic] |[pic] | Thou art Durga with ten arms: | |And thou art Lakshmi, the lotus ranging; | |And thou art Vani that Givweth knowledge; | |I salute thee | |The Congress Government went to such an extent as to replace Urdu by Hindi, banning of Cow slaughter and even celebrating | |Gandhi’s Birthday officially and compelling the students Hindus and non-Hindus to worship the picture of Mahatma Gandhi. | |From the above very brief but factual analysis of the relationship which had developed between the two major Communities of India| |i. e; the Hindus and the Muslims, it should no longer be a questionable proposition as to why the Muslims insisted on the | |partition of India and having a separate Homeland for the Muslims. | |The Tragedy of 1971 | |The separation of East Pakistan was no doubt the biggest tragedy in the history of Pakistan.However, it should not be regarded | |as death of Two Nation Theory. First of all Bangladesh, though no more a part of Pakistan but still is neither a Hindu state nor | |a secular state rather is a Muslim State. The elite of West Pakist an were not able to understand the real situation in East | |Pakistan and they absolutely failed to tackle it. In spite of all these mistakes by the government, the involvement of the | |foreign hand in separation of East Pakistan, is a solid reality. Those who cry today upon the â€Å"cross-border† terrorism in Kashmir| |(in spite of the fact that there is no international border in Kashmir) have totally forgotten the hands and faces behind the | |Muktibahini.The way the Bangla youth was brain washed by Hindu teachers and scholars is an open secret. The fact is that not | |much literature was available in the Bangla language about Islam, neither any translation of Iqbal nor of Moududi. On the other | |hand Robinder Nath Tegore and Chander Mukr Ji were very popular. | |The Muslim Bangladesh though no more a part of Pakistan is independent from the fright of Hindu domination. | |Ms. Indra Gandhi’s statement about the creation of Bangladesh, was by itself a proof of the existence of the Two-Nation Theory. | |She claimed that today ‘we’ have taken the revenge of the â€Å"1000’s years slavery†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ but in 1971 Pakistan was just 24 years old!!! | |Then what was she referring to by mentioning the 1000 years? Definitely she was talking about the era when Muslims ruled India. | |This means Pakistan didn’t emerge neither with the advent of British to India, nor is a result of â€Å"Divide and Conquer†, nor is a | |conspiracy of the Muslim League, nor is a symbol of nationalism based on territory. Pakistan-based on the Two-Nation theory | |existed long before August 47 in the heart of every Muslim of the Sub-Continent, who wanted the revival of the Muslim Ummah. | |[pic] |[pic] | Two Nation Theory At PresentKeeping in view the above discussion in light of facts and figures from history, it can be claimed that theTwo Nation Theory is a reality even today. Unfortunately, the Hindu community of the sub-continent has never accepted this reality from the very beginning and they still want to convert the Indo-Pak sub-continent to Maha Bharat. They want all non-Hindus to change their faith to Hinduism. The top leadership of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which is currently ruling India, has not only publicly denounced the two-nation theory but has also declared that it does not accept the partition of the Sub-Continent in 1947 which was based on this theory. On the same analogy, the BJP claims that Kashmir is an integral part of India.The BJP also advises the Muslims in India that they must stop looking towards Makkah and Medina as they can live only by accepting Hindutva. The BJP government, in order to assimilate the Muslim population in India with the Hindu majority, also intends to amend Muslim personal laws. A movement has also been launched in India, with the blessing of the BJP government, that all the Indians, irrespective of their religious beliefs, should call themselves Hindus, as th ey are the citizens of â€Å"Hindustan†. The non-Hindus in India, particularly the Muslims, are also being advised that by adopting the Hindu faith they may ensure for themselves an honorable place in the country.It may be recalled that Madhav Sadarish Golwalker, the head of the RSS, whom the Indian Prime Minister, Atal Behari Vajpayee, considers his ‘soul and mentor’, in his book entitled â€Å"WE: our own nationhood defined†, while branding the Muslims of India as ‘enemies’ belonging to foreign races, recommended that ‘the foreign races in Hindustan’ must either adopt Hindu culture and language, must entertain no idea but those of the glorification of the Hindu race and culture, i. e; of the Hindu nation, must lose their separate existence to merge in the Hindu race, or may stay in the country, wholly subordinated to the Hindu race, claiming nothing, deserving no privilege, far less any preferential treatment – not even c itizen’s right.The enormous difficulties, which the Muslims are encountering for the protection of their religious beliefs and for the restitution of their political, economic and other rights in the so-called secular but Hindu-dominated India, bear testimony to the political acumen and far sightedness of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah who so rightly had perceived the establishment of a separate state for the Muslims of the Sub-Continent to save them from unfair treatment by the Hindu Majority. Many opponents of the Two-Nation theory, base their arguments on the fact that India at present has a Muslim community, which is larger in population than the Muslim population in Pakistan.Therefore, according to the Two-Nation theory, Pakistan’s border should be opened to all of them, and in case this is not done then the creation of Pakistan was a selfish act of the Muslims living in the areas comprising Pakistan today, since, it has changed Muslims in India to an even small er minority. First of all opening the borders of Pakistan to all the Muslims is a misinterpretation of the Two-Nation theory, and is simply not applicable. Pakistan was created to have a fortress for the Muslim Ummah. All the Muslim leaders had it very much clear in their mind that all the Muslims would never be the citizens of Pakistan. Many of them became the citizens of India, after 1947, but had struggled for the creation of Pakistan, throughout their lives. Pakistan movement in the Hindu majority provinces was much stronger than in the Hindu minority areas. What does all this reveal?Pakistan is much more than a piece of land. They never struggled for a piece of land to name it Pakistan; they had struggled for the Ideology named Pakistan. The Muslim leaders of the sub-continent struggled for Pakistan on the same guidelines as the Islamic state of Medina Munawara. Many Muslims migrated along with the Prophet (Salalaho Allehe Wa Aalehi Wasalam) to Medina Munawara, however many of them were left in Makkah. Those who had migrated along the Prophet (Salalaho Allehe Wa Aalehi Wasalam) and those who were the citizens of Medina, lived peacefully. While those who were left in Makkah were subjected to the cruelties of the Kaffar in Makkah. Was this unfair with them?It would have been unfair if the people of Medina had not participated in Badar, Uhed and Khandeq and rather would have opted for celebrating â€Å"Basant in Pakistan† at the same time when the people from Pakistan had been sold in Tora Bora†. In that case it would have been unfair†¦ but this certainly does not mean that establishment of â€Å"Medina† was an unfair decision rather it meant that those elements should be subjected to accountability which turn â€Å"jihad till Fatah-e-Makkah† to â€Å"Basant Bahar – the part of our culture†. The condition of the Indian Muslims after fifty-five years reveals the truth of the so-called Indian secularism. The Muslim s in India are still getting a raw deal in every sphere of life. They are still living in the curse of poverty and backwardness. And above all they are still fighting the threats to their religious and cultural identity.The sense of insecurity experienced by the Indian Muslims in the post partition period has been compounded in recent years. In terms of numbers, the Muslims are only next to the Hindus, totaling 95. 2 million (1991 census) and constituting about 12 percent of the population. Yet they are considered by the Hindus even less important than the Jains and Buddhists who are only 0. 43 and 0. 41 percent of the population respectively (1991 census). A prominent Hindu writer S. Harrison admits that the dominant note in the Hindu attitude towards Muslim today is that, Hindus have a natural right to rule in modern India as a form of long overdue retribution for the sins of the Mughal overlords.It is not enough that unified state with a Hindu majority, clearly dominant over a Mu slim minority now reduced to 12 percent, has been established at long last in the Indian sub-continent. The fulfillment of Indian nationalism requires an assertion of Hindu hegemony over the Muslims of the subcontinent in one form or the other. They also have been subjected to the interference in their religion. It usually takes the form of insulting attacks on Islam made in school textbooks, or in the press, desecration of mosques and shrines, or deliberate incitement of feelings of religious hatred against the Muslims. In most of the Hindu dominated Indian states Hindu religious beliefs, philosophy and methodology have been introduced into the text books in the name of Indian culture,.This is to an extent that a glance through the officially prescribed school textbooks leaves an impression that those responsible for them regard India (a supposedly multi religious country) as the home of Brahmans and attach value only to their deities, temples, religious customs and practices. Cou ntless incidents can be cited of the desecration of mosques by the Hindu communists during the last few decades. The 16th century historic Babri mosque was razed to ground by thousands of Hindu fanatics in Ayodhya, (UP) on 16th Dec 1992 and the immense loss of human lives that followed was no secret. Conclusion The Two Nation Theory is still alive.Had there been no Two Nation Theory today, the issues like Kargil, nuclear arms race, and tension on the borders would have never risen. The basic conflict between India and Pakistani nation is still the same. Indians believe in nationality based on territory and therefore want to merge Pakistan back into India. While Pakistanis have been fighting for the last 52 years, to safeguard the Land which they got in the name of Islam. The Kashmir issue, if alive even after 52 years, in spite of India’s utmost effort to crush the lovers of freedom, is crystal clear proof of the reality of the Two Nation Theory. It should be understood that the creation of Pakistan was not the result of an accident but – it had a meaning.The meaning of Pakistan was not to have a separate homeland for the Muslims of Indo-Pakistan to have a better living; it was not to have industries or nuclear capability. The significance of the creation of the fortress of Islam was to give the Muslims of the Sub-Continent in particular and the Muslims of the world in general an idea of brotherhood. A brotherhood based on irrespective of color or creed. Pakistan wanted to have Unity among the Muslims from Morocco to Indonesia and to create a sense of spiritual vision that could be left and understand beyond this materialistic world in which man is fighting with man. The Muslim brotherhood has disagreements and the world is dominated by imperial powers and destined according to their